ABSTRACT
Objective: Based on Dincer model, the drying characteristic of Chaenomeles sinensis under different drying condition was investigated in order to provide theoretical foundation for applying Dincer model to analyze heat and mass transfer during Chinese herbs drying process and select suitable drying technology and process. Methods: C. sinensis slice of thickness 12 mm was dried by the three different drying methods, namely air impingement drying, medium and short infrared waved drying and pulsed vacuum drying. Also, 9, 12 and 15 mm C. sinensis slices were dried under air impingement drying method. The drying characteristic, color value, rehydration ration, vitamin C (VC), general flavone, and microstructure were studied. Results: At the same drying temperature, the drying rate sorted in order of size was air impingement drying, medium and short infrared waved drying and pulsed vacuum drying and the drying activation energy was 43.10, 36.95 and 20.37 kJ/mol in corresponding. Decreasing slice thickness enhanced drying rate. The Weibull distribution model simulation result showed that the scale parameter α ranged from 47.85 to 324.51. Smaller α value meant short drying time. The shape parameter β was between 1.218 7 and 1.290 8 under air impingement drying as well as medium and short infrared waved drying method, which showed that drying was falling rate process controlled by internal moisture diffusion. However, the shape parameter β was between 1.218 7 and 1.290 8 under pulsed vacuum drying method, which illustrated that drying was controlled both by internal moisture diffusion and surface moisture evaporation. The calculated moisture diffusion coefficient was ranged from (1.66 × 10-8) to (1.13 × 10-7) m2/s and decreased as α increased. The Dincer model simulation result showed that the lag factor (G) was range from 1.135 6 to 1.337 6, which declared that there was a short raising rate drying period during the initial drying process. Heat transfer Biot number (Bi) value was between 1.171 4 and 136.041 2 and decreased as drying temperature increased. Effective moisture diffusion (Deff) value calculated by Diner model was range from (3.26 × 10-9) to (6.33 × 10-8) m2/s. At the same drying temperature, (Deff) value was larger than (D*), but smaller than (Dcal). Mass transfer (k) was ranged from (9.02 × 10-6) to (8.82 × 10-5) m/s and increased as drying temperature increased. Air impingement drying method was suitable for C. sinensis slice drying, and drying temperature of 60 ℃ and thickness of 12 mm was the most optimum drying process. Under above drying circumstance, the drying time, brightness L*, color difference value ΔE, VC, general flavone and rehydration ratio were 5 h, 62.80 ± 1.70, 19.62 ± 2.60, (1.107 8 ± 0.005 0) mg/g, (36.74 ± 0.60) mg/g and 7.11 ± 0.24, respectively. Conclusion: Such investigation result can provide theoretical foundation for applying Dincer model to describe heat and mass transfer characteristics during Chinese herbs drying and filtrating suitable C. sinensis slice drying method and process.
ABSTRACT
Objective To study the moisture transfer laws of Chaenomeles sinensis in different drying processes. Methods Using the non-destructive and non-invasive technique of low field-nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR), the transverse relaxation time (T2) inversion spectrum of C. sinensis slice was monitored under different drying methods (hot air drying, drying after evaporation, segmental drying and drying in the shade) to analyze the changes of moisture migration. Results There were three different types water that were detected in C. sinensis (free water > bound water > immobilized water). The internal water distribution and water content changed during drying process. The moisture changes were similar in hot air drying, drying after steaming, and drying in shade, the total water gradually decreased, and the combining degree between moisture and non-water components enhanced. Steaming promoted the water loss rate of C. sinensis slice, the water loss rate was higher in drying after steaming than in hot air drying, and the difference was significant (P < 0.05). During the intermittent drying, the conversion of different states of water would occur in order to return to a relatively stable equilibrium. During the low temperature drying process, immobilized water content decreased and free water content increased. The low-temperature drying has less damage to the tissue, which is more conducive to the conversion of immobilized water into free water, and thus the water dissipated faster. During the early of drying, high temperature caused tissue structure damage, the bonding force between water and non-aqueous tissue would be strengthened because of the tissue shrinkage. Conclusion The three different types water content and peak area in T2 was positively correlated. The LF-NMR technique would provide useful guides for the investigation of water distribution and variation of C. sinensis, which will provide a theoretical basis for C. sinensis processing.
ABSTRACT
The chemical constituents of the fruits of Chaenomeles sinensis (Thouin) Koehne were investigated using chromatographic methods, including Diaion HP-20, Toyopearl HW-40, MCI Gel CHP-20, ODS, Silica gel chromatography and semi-preparative-HPLC. Three compounds were isolated and their structures were elucidated with spectral data and physicochemical properties, which were identified as chaenomeles alkaloid A (1), ginsenine (2) and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-methyl-β-carboline-3-car-boxylic acid (3). Among those, compound 1 is a new alkaloid, compound 2 and 3 were isolated from this plant for the first time. To investigate the protective effect of compounds 1-3 on Rat adrenal pheochromocytoma (PC-12) injury induced by the β-amyloid protein (Aβ25-35). The results show that compounds 2 and 3 have a significant protective effect on the PC12 cells exposed to Aβ25-35.
ABSTRACT
No Brasil, foram desenvolvidos alguns trabalhos pioneiros com a utilização do marmeleiro (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) como porta-enxertos para as nespereiras (Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.). O sucesso da utilização dessa enxertia intergenérica está relacionado, principalmente, à redução do porte da planta. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho estudar técnicas de enxertia de cultivares de nespereiras, utilizando-se o marmeleiro 'Japonês' (Chaenomeles sinensis (Thouin) Koehne) como nova opção de porta-enxerto. Mudas de marmeleiro 'Japonês' com um ano de idade (altura próxima a 110 cm e diâmetro de 0,85 cm na região de enxertia, a 15 cm acima do colo), mantidos em sacos plásticos com dimensões de 18 x 30 cm (capacidade de 3 L), foram enxertados pelos métodos de borbulhia em placa e garfagem em fenda cheia, em duas diferentes épocas: outono (abril) e inverno (julho). Utilizaram-se cinco cultivares de nespereira de importância econômica no Brasil: 'Mizuho', 'Néctar de Cristal' (IAC 866-7), 'Mizauto' (IAC 167-4), 'Mizumo' (IAC 1567-411) e 'Centenária' (IAC 1567-420). Pelo método de borbulhia, não houve nenhuma borbulha brotada quando esta foi realizada no outono, apenas duas borbulhas da 'Mizauto', 'Néctar de Cristal' e 'Centenária' brotaram quando esta foi realizada no inverno, no entanto, com baixo crescimento. Já, por garfagem, maiores porcentagens de brotação e crescimento dos enxertos foram obtidas quando a enxertia foi realizada no inverno, com destaque para as nespereiras 'Mizuho', 'Centenária' e 'Néctar de Cristal'.
In Brazil, some pioneer studies were carried out using quince seedlings (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) as rootstock for loquat (Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.). The main advantage of this intergeneric grafting use is plant size reduction. The success of using this intergeneric grafting is related mainly to plant size reduction. Therefore, the objective of this work was to study grafting techniques of loquat cultivars using 'Japonese' quince tree (Chaenomeles sinensis (Thouin) Koehne), with new option for rootstock. The one-year old 'Japonese' quince seedlings (with around 110 cm of height and 0.85 cm of diameter at the grafting point, 15 cm from the soil), were kept in plastic bags (30 x 18 cm, 3 liters of capacity). The seedlings were grafted by the cleft grafting and single bud grafting methods, in two different periods: in autumn (April) and winter (July). Five loquat cultivars commercially planted in Brazil were used: 'Mizuho', 'Néctar de Cristal' (IAC 866-7), 'Mizauto' (IAC 167-4), 'Mizumo' (IAC 1567-411) and 'Centenária' (IAC 1567-420). Using the single bud grafting method, there was no sprouted bud when done in autumn, and just two sprouts each of 'Mizauto', 'Néctar de Cristal' and 'Centenária' when done in winter, however, with low vigor. By the cleft grafting method, higher sprout percentage and better scions growth were observed when the seedlings were grafted in winter, especially for 'Mizuho', 'Centenária' and 'Néctar de Cristal' loquat cultivars.